Research We Fund

Pilot trial of microbial targeting to prevent myeloma

Our recent studies have identified specific bacteria that can potentially promote the growth of human myeloma tumor cells. We are now testing if eradicating these bacteria in MGUS patients will be effective for prevention of myeloma.

Identifying the oncogenic cooperation between IRF4 and MYD88l265p and their impact on the Tumor Microenvironment of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Although many patients with IgM MGUS remain asymptomatic, some of them progress to Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) requiring treatment. Recently, we have found that the hereditable alteration of IRF4 gene increases the risk to develop WM, however little is known on the molecular mechanisms responsible for this feature. In this project, we aim to elucidate the role of the germline alteration of IRF4 in promoting WM through oncogenic cooperation with MYD88 and dysregulated immune microenvironment, ultimately paving the way for novel precision therapies for this patient population.

Targeting mutant IDH2 in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is a rare, aggressive form of T-cell lymphoma associated with poor clinical outcomes in response to current therapeutic approaches. Recurrent oncogenic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) have been identified in patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and this represents a targetable lesion in other malignancies. However, comprehensive investigations of mutant IDH2 inhibition in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma are lacking, and this may represent a new therapeutic avenue for a patient population in need of newer treatments

Aberrant Megakaryopoiesis in the MPNs

A key feature of the MPNs is aberrant megakaryopoiesis, including increased numbers of platelet-producing megakaryocytes in essential thrombocythemia and atypical megakaryocytes that drive fibrosis in myelofibrosis (MF). Recent studies have found that increased activity of the chromosome 21 kinase DYRK1A, which is a feature of the MPNs, enhances megakaryocyte growth while its loss suppresses their expansion. This effect appears to be mediated, at least in part, by DYRK1A’s control of NFAT2 phosphorylation and subcellular localization. The goals of this research are to determine whether DYRK1A is a therapeutic target in chronic phase MPNs and to define the contributions of NFAT2 phosphorylation to the disease.

211Astatine-CD123 Radioimmunotherapy for Cancer (Stem) Cell-Directed Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Because acute leukemias are very sensitive to radiation, radioisotopes are ideal payloads to arm antibodies against these difficult-to-cure, aggressive blood cancers. Here, we will develop fully human anti-CD123 antibodies carrying the highly potent alpha-emitter astatine-211 (211At) as a new therapy for acute leukemia. CD123 is broadly displayed on acute leukemia cells in most patients and overexpressed on leukemic stem cells but is only found on a small subset of normal blood cells, enabling the use of 211At-CD123 radioimmunotherapy in the transplant and non-transplant setting with limited toxicities to normal tissues.

Development of a novel BCL2L1 armored CAR T-cell and a tumor-immune interactome in multiple myeloma

Novel immune approaches have revolutionized the treatment paradigms in multiple myeloma (MM) with deep responses seen in heavily pretreated patients. However responses are largely not durable with significant gaps remaining in our understanding of the mechanisms mediating the immune escape to to CAR T cells and T cell engagers. Harnessing the power of single cell immunogenomics and building on the knowledge we amassed to date, we plan to address these therapeutics and mechanistic challenges firstly through the informed design and clinical development of a BCL2L1 armoured BCMA-targeting CAR T cell, and secondly by establishing a dictionary of the MM-TME interactome through serial interrogation of primary MM cells and their immunome generating a dynamic risk prediction model to better guide the delivery of immuno-therapeutics.

A phase 1b/2 study targeting apoptotic and signaling pathways in T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia

T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive leukemia with limited treatment options after first-line chemotherapy. Our preclinical work in animal models of T-ALL demonstrated the activity of a novel-novel combination treatment strategy, which includes LP-118 (activator of suicide pathways within leukemic cells) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (inhibiting growth-promoting LCK and ACK1 signaling pathways). Leveraging the mechanistic insights gained from our laboratory work, we propose a phase Ib/II study investigating the feasibility and efficacy of the combined LP-118, ponatinib, and salvage chemotherapy in patients with relapsed T-ALL. This precision medicine approach addresses an unmet need in a fatal disease which lacks effective therapies.

Strategic combinations to overcome therapeutic resistance and relapse in acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most fatal type of leukemia and has a high rate of relapse following current therapies. We have recently uncovered that RSPO3-LGR4 pathway is a key regulator of leukemia-initiating cell activity and is exclusively activated in relapsed and refractory AML. Our project aims to investigate the mechanistic link between the pathway activation and therapy resistance, and design combination therapies that would overcome resistance and improve the treatment of relapsed leukemia.

Targeting GCK as a novel and selective therapeutic strategy against RAS mutated Multiple Myeloma

RAS/MAPK mutations are the key drivers in MM, which occurs in 50% of newly diagnosed and higher in relapsed MM patients. However, RAS remains undruggable in MM. We found that RAS mutation MM growth is highly dependent on germinal center kinase(GCK). The goal of this project is to develop small molecule inhibitors against GCK with the expected outcome to provide novel treatments for relapsed/refractory and especially multi-drug resistant MM with RAS mutation, as well as other B-cell malignancies.

CD70-directed CAR T-cell therapy for the treatment of relapsed/refractory pediatric AML

In this project, we will test an innovative therapy called CAR T-cell therapy for children with a type of cancer called AML. In the laboratory, we have identified and developed a powerful CAR T-cell therapy that targets a protein called CD70 on AML cells. We propose to now develop a clinical trial in which we will study the effects of this CD70.CAR T-cell therapy in children with AML.

Development of mutant GTPase-specific degraders for peripheral T cell lymphoma treatment

This project aims to develop targeted therapies against peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL), a diverse group of aggressive blood cancers with poor clinical outcomes. This project is tightly relevant to cancer control and treatment, promising to advance our understanding on how blood cancers initiate and progress, and lead to new therapeutics for the treatment of peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL). We will develop targeted therapeutics to engage an oncogenic RHOA GTPase mutant to treat PTCL and other types of tumors with similar genetic backgrounds.

Targeting acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 to remodel obesity-evoked inflammatory microenvironment in myeloma

Our proposal aims to develop a novel strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy for patients with multiple myeloma by remodeling obesity-induced inflammatory microenvironment. We hypothesize that acetyl-CoA synthetase 2, which is stimulated by obesity, enhances inflammatory cytokine production from myeloma cells, leading to an inflammatory niche where anti-tumor function of CD8+ T cells is dampened, and tumor growth is promoted. Our study will be the first to explore a novel insight for how obesity impacts the interaction between myeloma cells and microenvironment. In preparation of using the inhibitor of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 in the clinical setting, we will establish its potential as a single agent or in combination of other chemo- or immuno- drugs to treat myeloma.

Memory-like natural killer cells and venetoclax to eradicate measurable residual disease in AML

This proposal is to conduct a phase I (early phase) clinical trial to test whether the combination of the approved targeted therapy venetoclax with memory-like Natural Killer (NK) cells is safe and active in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Based on laboratory research at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, we believe that the addition of memory-like NK cells obtained from an haploidentical (‘half matched’) donor will be able to eradicate residual leukemia cells left over after prior venetoclax treatment and hence prevent a future relapse of the disease. A total of 10 patients will be treated with two different doses of NK cells and a constant dose of venetoclax. We also plan scientific studies on patient samples to learn more about the function of NK cells when combined with venetoclax, evaluate for clearance of residual leukemia cells with this combination therapy and explore potential resistance mechanisms.

Health Insurance and End-of-Life Care for People with Hematologic Malignancies

Patients with blood cancers from racial and ethnic minority groups are more likely to experience suboptimal end-of-life (EOL) care. These disparities may be partially driven by health insurance differences but there is limited research examining insurance access as a potential contributor to EOL care disparities for this population. We will leverage complementary local and national datasets to assess the relationship between insurance status and type with EOL quality measures. We will also develop a Blood Cancer Health Insurance Initiative to translate our research findings to policy initiatives to dismantle disparities in access to high-quality EOL care for patients with blood cancers. We will translate our research findings to policy initiatives to dismantle disparities in access to high-quality EOL care for patients with blood cancers.

Investigating the Impact of Insurance Coverage on Access to Care and Outcomes among Lymphoma Patients

In this proposal we will investigate the association between insurance coverage and access to care, survival, and financial hardship among patients across Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes and to what extent insurance coverage explains and modifies racial disparity in access to care and outcomes. To this end, we will use the Optum Clinformatics DataMart database, the Texas Cancer Registry, the Harris Health System Cancer Database and Data from the Lymphoma Epidemiology of Outcomes (LEO) Cohort Study. These four databases will provide a sample that covers a diverse patient population in terms of insurance coverage, race and ethnicity, and geographic regions. The LEO Cohort Study also provides information on self-reported financial toxicity that is not available in cancer registries, administrative claims data, or surveys. This study will reveal whether insurance coverage, neighborhood socioeconomic factors and healthcare resources are associated with access to care and outcomes of NHL patients.

The Impossible Choice: The Role of Insurance Design on Financial Toxicity and Access to Care for Individuals with Blood Cancer

The overall goal of this project is to understand the role of insurance design on financial toxicity and access to care among individuals with blood cancer. To understand this interplay, we will use a unique and innovative linkage of the 2012-2019 Colorado Cancer Registry (CCR) to the 2013-2021 Colorado All-Payer Claims Database and the LexisNexis and TranUnion financial and life event databases. Our specific aims are to 1) Estimate the number of individuals with blood cancer who are potentially underinsured over time relative to individuals with solid tumors or no history of cancer; 2) Examine the relationship between being underinsured and experiencing financial toxicity after diagnosis in individuals diagnosed with blood cancer relative to those with solid tumors or no history of cancer; and 3) Examine differences in access to cancer care including time to treatment, treatment intensity and survival in underinsured individuals with blood cancer versus those with more generous insurance coverage.

Targeting mutated MYD88 pro-survival signaling in B-cell malignancies

Our laboratory and those of others discovered highly recurring mutations in the gene MYD88 which are found in patients with various B-cell cancers including Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (95-97%), ABC Subtype of Diffuse B-cell Lymphoma (30-40%), Primary Central Nervous Lymphoma (80%), Marginal Zone Lymphoma (10%) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (5-10%). Our laboratory and those of others showed that mutated MYD88 triggers BTK, which is the target of BTK-inhibitors like ibrutinib, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib though complete remissions are rare with these agents largely in part because other pro-survival molecules are activated by mutated MYD88 such as HCK and IRAK1. In these studies, we will develop potent and selective inhibitors to HCK and IRAK1, including PROTACs which inhibit and degrade these molecules, using lead molecules and scaffolds whose target selectivity and activity we previously validated. We will also investigate the mechanisms underlying the inactivation of the Inhibitor of BTK (IBTK) as a potential new target for development of inhibitors for use in MYD88 mutated lymphomas.

Autologous CD22 CAR T cell Therapy for the Treatment of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

CD19 targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies (CAR19) are effective treatments for patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL), however, the majority of these patients will relapse. We have now evaluated a CD22 targeting CAR T cell therapy (CAR22) in patients who have large B cell lymphoma who have relapsed after CAR19 therapy and found that this therapy is both safe and effective resulting in a high rate of durable complete responses. We will now test this promising CAR22 for the first time in patients with other non-Hodgkin Lymphoma subtypes including mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and other CD22-expressing lymphomas.

Towards clinical testing of epitope editing to enable novel adoptive immunotherapies

Innovations in gene engineering have made it possible to reprogram immune cells to attack specific targets on cancer cells, allowing the first adoptive cellular immunotherapies, known as CAR T cells, to be approved by the FDA for the treatment B lymphoblastic leukemia. A similar approach is currently under development for AML, but in contrast to B-ALL, there is no leukemia-specific target which would be amenable to targeting by immune cells without incurring severe adverse effects. Here, we aim to modify normal bone marrow stem cells used for allogeneic transplantation to make them resistant to CAR-T cells, thus enabling targeting proteins essential for tumor survival without the risk of severe toxicity on the healthy tissue counterpart.

Uncovering mechanisms of DNMT3A stability in hematologic malignancies

DNMT3A is a critical tumor suppressor in hematologic malignancies; DNMT3A protein levels affect both tumor latency and type. DNMT3A is regulated in part by protein stability, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, I will dissect the mechanisms that regulate DNMT3A protein turnover using CRISPR screening and genetically engineered mouse leukemia models. This work will reveal whether its stabilization could contribute to a new therapeutic approach for hematologic malignancies.

Mechanisms of Clonal Evolution in the Transformation of MPN to sAML

This research will investigate blood stem cell mutations associated with progression of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). Our preliminary data suggest that pre-leukemic cells with particular mutations may have a selective advantage in a background of certain MPN subtypes. We will confirm this by utilizing mouse models and both MPN and sAML primary patient samples. Ultimately, we will examine and test inhibition of mechanisms which drive MPN to sAML.

The microbiome-induced immune response role in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

The microbiome is increasingly recognized as contributing to chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). I hypothesize that microbial antigens drive the devastating complication of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). To determine if such antigen targets are at the heart of BOS pathology, I will integrate spatial transcriptomic approaches, immunopeptidome analysis, and direct antigen specificity testing of TCRs from biospecimens collected from preclinical models and patient biospecimens.

Identification and characterization of genetic factors affecting MLL/KMT2A fusion proteins stability in MLL/KMT2A rearranged leukemias

MLL1/KMT2A rearranged leukemias are the most common blood cancer occurring in children characterized by dismal prognosis. Given the importance of fusion proteins in driving the disease, I will determine factors affecting the fusion protein stability through a CRISPR/Cas9 screening approach in an innovative model system where the MLL fusions are endogenously tagged with a fluorescent protein. This will facilitate development of molecular glue degraders specifically targeting the MLL fusions.

Reactivation of transposable elements as novel enhancers in cohesin-mutant myeloid malignancies

The reason why some patients with clonal hematopoiesis progress to overt myeloid malignancies is not understood. I will revert epigenetic changes in isogenic in-vitro and in-vivo models of stepwise progression of cohesin-mutant myeloid neoplasia to mechanistically address how changes in genome organization and enhancer regulation drive clonal selection. These studies will improve our understanding of myeloid disease progression and inform therapeutic options to intercept this step.

The role of Gasdermin D in the inflammation-driven pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes

We aim to understand the mechanism of how dysregulated Gasdermin D(GSDMD) protein propels the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS). With single-cell sequencing and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models, we want to provide pre-clinical grade data to support the concept of inhibiting GSDMD as an effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of MDS. We expect to see the great beneficial effects of GSDMD inhibition in MDS mouse models and PDX mouse models using FDA-approved drugs.

Molecular basis and new therapeutic strategies in lineage ambiguous leukemia

Lineage-ambiguous leukemias are high-risk blood cancers with unclear biologic basis and suboptimal treatment options. Here, I will identify the cell of origin of lineage ambiguous leukemia and investigate new therapeutic strategies through in vitro and in vivo experimental modeling approaches and preclinical drug studies in patient-derived xenografts. These studies will clarify the cellular and molecular alterations driving lineage ambiguity and advance a new, rational therapeutic approach.

Investigating the impact of hotspot mutations in a chromatin reader on leukemogenesis

The goal of this proposal is to investigate the consequence of the chromatin reader eleven-nineteen-leukemia (ENL) gain-of-function mutations in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Our studies leverage the expertise in the molecular and chromatin biology of chromatin reader in leukemia utilizing mouse model, high resolution image, epigenomic and transcriptomic approaches. Our goal is to understand how chromatin reader contributes to cancer development, progression, and therapeutic outcome.

Investigating the role of preleukemia duration and clonal burden in progression to AML

The development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is preceded by a “preleukemic” phase in which mutated hematopoietic stem cells expand due to a fitness advantage. Our work uses prospective models and analysis of patient samples to study how the duration of preleukemia and how the preleukemic clonal burden affect progression to AML. Results of our studies will shed new light on AML pathogenesis and help guide clinical management of preleukemic conditions such as clonal hematopoiesis.

Therapeutically actionable molecular safeguards in leukemic stem cells

Our research program’s goal is to identify therapeutically actionable pathways in pre-leukemic and leukemic stem cells in myeloid malignancies. We specifically dissect molecular circuits governing stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, how these change during aging, and contribute to leukemic stem cell evolution and maintenance. Accomplishing this work will enable the rational design of curative intervention and perhaps even prevention strategies for patients with myeloid malignancies.

Targeting the pathogenic 'fire triangle' of inflammation, metabolism and mutations in myeloid leukemogenesis

My lab is focused on understanding the pathogenic interplay between oncogenic mutations, chronic inflammation and aberrant metabolism as a driver of the evolutionary processes that culminate in lethal myeloid malignancies. We leverage mouse models and human patient samples to establish modalities for targeting this interplay throughout disease pathogenesis. My long-term goal is to improve patient outcomes by establishing therapies that prevent and/or delay evolution to acute leukemia.

Leveraging Susceptible Populations and Unique Resources in a Pathway to Prevention of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The focus of my research is to understand the causes and early-life origins of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We use a two-pronged approach: 1) conducting epidemiological studies of ALL in susceptible populations to understand genetic predisposition, and 2) investigating the in utero origins of ALL across subtypes. Our goals are to identify children at the highest risk of developing ALL through genetic screening and to lay the groundwork for precision prevention strategies.

Leveraging cancer registries, clinical trials, and community partnerships to address disparities in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult lymphoma

I aim to identify drivers of pediatric and adolescent/young adult lymphoma disparities so that targeted health equity interventions can be developed. Integration of large datasets, systematic collection of social determinants data in clinical trials, and collaboration with patient advocates will: a) create new population-based resources to study lymphoma outcomes; b) establish a novel framework for equity research in lymphoma clinical trials; and c) identify real-world targets for intervention.

Metabolic Regulation of Leukemic Cell Fate

Cell-intrinsic metabolic processes are dysregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and can act to sustain an oncogenic state of differentiation arrest. Using AML cell lines and patient-derived material grown in sophisticated liquid culture medium that mimics human plasma, we will perform metabolically focused in vitro and in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screens to reveal metabolic regulators of AML cell fate that can be exploited via dietary or pharmacologic intervention as a novel therapeutic strategy.

Supporting development of dimericons (crosslinked helix dimers) for blood cancers

In May 2023, LLS made an equity investment in Dimericon to "Support development of dimericons (crosslinked helix dimers) for blood cancers." 

Dimericon is a private biotech company focused on exploring crosslinked helix dimers (Dimericons) as therapeutics and templates for small molecule development. Dimericon’s technology targets hard-to-drug intracellular protein-protein interactions using rationally designed mimetics of helix dimers. The Seed round of financing will support preclinical studies to further develop the current cFLIP inhibitor lead compound, DMRX1004, to be an IND ready clinical candidate in hematological malignancies.

A phase 1/2 study of BI-1808, a monoclonal antibody to TNFR2, as a single agent and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with solid tumors and CTCL

In January 2023, LLS made an equity investment in BioInvent to "Support Clinical Development of BI-1206 for NHL Indications and BI-1808 for T-Cell Lymphoma Indications Including CTCL."

BioInvent International AB is a clinical-stage biotech company that discovers and develops novel and first-in-class immuno-modulatory antibodies for cancer therapy, with currently four drug candidates in five ongoing clinical programs in Phase 1/2 trials for the treatment of hematological cancer and solid tumors, respectively. The Company's validated, proprietary F.I.R.S.T™ technology platform identifies both targets and the antibodies that bind to them, generating many promising new drug candidates to fuel the Company's own clinical development pipeline and providing licensing and partnering opportunities.

BI-1808 is an anti-TNFR2 antibody being evaluated in a Phase 1/2a trial, as a single agent and in combination with the anti-PD-1 therapy Keytruda^® (pembrolizumab) in patients with ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (NCT04752826).

The Immune Niche in the Development of Hematological Malignancies and Implications for Novel Therapy

Our SCOR Program, composed of four complementary Projects supported by three shared Cores, is designed to determine how the immune niche and factors in its composition and regulation affect the initiation and progression of hematopoietic malignancies. Using genetically engineered mouse models, cell cultures and patient samples, the power of multi-omics analyses will be brought to bear to identify common drivers and expose underlying mechanisms. Findings from this work should reveal multiple candidate therapeutic targets whose exploitation may lead to the development of broadly applicable therapeutics for leukemias/lymphomas. Partnerships with pre-clinical and clinical trials experts at our home institutions and beyond will facilitate the translation of our findings to the bedside and potentially provide new hope to patients suffering from these devastating cancers.

Inflammation-responsive mechanisms of malignant stem cell generation and eradication in multiple myeloma

The focus of my research is to elucidate the core molecular regulators of malignant stem cell generation in multiple myeloma. My approach addresses the tumor cell-intrinsic versus niche-dependent mechanisms of myeloma regeneration by exploring transcription factor expression and stemness profiles within single cells from primary samples and patient-derived models. The central goal of my research is to uncover novel therapeutic strategies and translate these into new myeloma treatments.

Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets for Transformed Marginal Zone and BN2 Lymphomas

This project is the first to explore the origin of a newly discovered type of lymphoma called “BN2-DLBCL”. Mutations in a gene called “SPEN” are a defining feature of these tumors. Strikingly, SPEN mutations are more common in females and cause more deadly disease. Our proposal will reveal for the first time how these tumors originate from the immune system, how they are intimately linked to autoimmune disorders such as Lupus, why they occur preferentially in women, and how to cure them.

CHEK2 as a predisposition gene for clonal hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignancies

This proposal explores how inherited mutations in the DNA repair gene CHEK2 lead to blood cancers. Our work employs two unique resources: patient-derived cell lines and mice engineered with an inherited Chek2 variant that accurately models how bone marrow stem cells acquire DNA changes over time leading to bone marrow cancers. Our results may lead to new approaches that slow or prevent blood cancers in people with high risk.

Uncovering the role of TCL1A as a driver of clonal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies

Mutations in a diverse set of genes can lead to pre-cancerous expansion of blood stem cells, but the factors that mediate the growth of these mutant clones are unknown. We recently discovered that many of these mutations lead to abnormal activation of a gene called TCL1A. Consequently, TCL1A may be an attractive target for treating or preventing blood cancers, but little is known about its function. Here, we will uncover how TCL1A influences the biology of pre-cancerous blood stem cells.

Establishing Hematology Clinical Trial Hubs within the City of Hope Community and Affiliate Network

City of Hope (COH) has embarked on a strategic initiative to optimize our clinical network and increase research capacity at our Community and Affiliate Network (CAN) sites in Southern California. I would like to spearhead this endeavor for the Hematology program at our new Irvine campus in Orange county, which is set to open in August 2022. We are employing a hub-and-spokes model, in which the Duarte main campus is the main research center, with 3-5 multi-disciplinary CAN sites ultimately designated as research hubs. These CAN sites (hubs) will serve geographically proximal practice sites (spokes), which will refer patients for treatment on clinical trials at either the CAN site itself or at the main Duarte campus. Following a 6-month pilot for optimizing staffing, investigational pharmacy setup, specimen and data collection in Irvine, an additional CAN site will be initiated each year over a 5-year period to allow a wider area of Southern California residents to have access to high quality and impactful clinical trials in Hematology. Our ultimate goal is to accrue 20-50 patients per year from the community, depending on the number of sites activated each year.

Interrogation of glutathione biology in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia stem cells

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a devastating blood cancer. Most AML patients will initially respond to standard therapy; however, for many patients the disease recurs resulting in patient death. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for relapsed AML patients. The objective of our proposal is to understand and target properties specific to relapsed AML cells with the overall goal of improving relapsed AML patient outcomes.

Impact of Health Insurance on Mortality for Children and AYAs Newly Diagnosed with a Blood Cancer: A Population-Based Multistate Evaluation

Lacking continuous insurance is a key barrier to access to timely care. This study will provide the first evidence of whether insurance continuity provides a survival benefit, and how Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act affects insurance continuity and the associated downstream changes in survival for children, adolescents, and young adults with blood cancers. This study will inform policy interventions toward increasing access and reducing disparities in blood cancer outcomes.

Making the Right Choice: Medicare Plan Selection and Access to Cancer Care

Selecting a Medicare plan is a time-sensitive and complex decision with substantial financial implications, particularly for individuals with cancer. The proposed project evaluates the financial and health outcomes for individuals selecting different Medicare coverage options and how these outcomes vary by the presence and timing of a cancer diagnosis. The goal of this work is to identify opportunities to improve plan selection and reduce inequities in cancer care and outcomes.

Targeting aberrant non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation in B-cell lymphomas

The impact of biological heterogeneity on treatment outcomes is evidenced by a large proportion of lymphoma patients who experience relapsed/refractory disease. To address this knowledge gap, we sequenced primary lymphoma samples and found recurrent mutations in the non-canonical NF-kB pathway (NC NF-kB) and uncovered the NIK kinase as a targetable candidate. Our next steps focus on using advanced genetic modelling approaches to provide preclinical rationale for targeting NC NF-kB in lymphomas.

TCR directed immunotoxins and antibody drug conjugates for the treatment of T cell malignancies

Few treatment options are available for T cell leukemias and lymphomas, collectively called T cell cancers that affect ~100,000 patients worldwide each year. The current proposal will generate new antibodies attached to drugs and toxins that kill the T cell cancers. Importantly, the antibodies will preserve enough healthy T cells to maintain a functioning immune system. These modified antibodies may improve patient outcome and limit side effects associated with traditional chemotherapies.

Overcoming RAS-driven Mechanisms of Resistance in Leukemia

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is activated in high-risk leukemia and is a hallmark of resistance to therapies. This project uses patient-derived xenograft models of relapsed pediatric ALL and AML with activated RAS/MAPK to test whether clinically relevant MAPK mutations activate the VAV3/RAC pathway and if pharmacological inhibition of that pathway by a small molecule we developed synergizes with a MAPK-inhibitor to provide a new treatment strategy for RAS-driven leukemia.

A Phase I/II Study of the Combination of ALX148, Rituximab and Lenalidomide in Patients with Indolent and Aggressive B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

SIRPα+ macrophages mediate resistance to lenalidomide in B-cell lymphoma, limiting the activity of immunotherapy for these patients. Therefore, we propose a phase I/II study, investigating the safety and efficacy of ALX148, a novel fusion protein of the SIRPα binding domain, in combination with rituximab and lenalidomide in patients with B-cell lymphoma. We hypothesize that this combination will be safe and effective, providing a chemotherapy-free option for these patients.

Therapeutic exploitation of novel mouse models and metabolic interventions in leukemia

Our research program aims to gain a deeper understanding of the pathobiology of T-ALL and HSTL.

To this end, we will use novel mouse models, cutting-edge techniques and comprehensive genetic, pharmacological and metabolic interventions. In addition, we will perform unbiased experiments to identify novel therapeutic targets.

Our goal is to uncover new tools and targets for the treatment of T-ALL and HSTL, which could be used for the benefit of patients in the short/mid-term.

Analysis and therapeutic targeting of the immune regulatory and ubiquitination pathways in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma

My lab is focused on the immune regulatory mechanisms and ubiquitin-dependent machinery in lymphoma. We have established multiple high-throughput screening technologies and animal models to rapidly and accurately identify critical pathways that are suitable for targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Gaining insight into the pathological roles of these pathways can lead to improved understandings of the molecular circuitry that drives lymphoma pathogenesis and provide novel therapeutic strategies.

Genetic pathways of myeloid transformation and treatment response

Our central goal is to improve clinical outcomes in patients with myeloid malignancies through developing an enhanced mechanistic understanding of disease. We use multiomic analyses of primary patient samples combined with complementary laboratory models using mice and cell lines to generate and test our hypotheses. The results of our studies will help improve patient outcomes by identifying strategies to mitigate risk of disease progression/relapse and treatment toxicity.

Understanding the clonal origin, evolution, and progression of myeloid malignancies

The overarching focus of my research is to understand the clonal origin, evolution, and progression of myeloid malignancies and biological and clinical factors that influence the process. We tackle this question by analyzing patient samples with integrated approach combining single-cell omics, evolutionary genetics, and computational analytics. The ultimate goal of our research is to develop clinical strategies for early detection, prevention, and treatments of myeloid malignancies.

Stratified treatment of newly diagnosed MCL based on the presence or absence of high risk features utilizing non-cytotoxic agents.

We believe that regimens without chemotherapy can induce significant and durable remissions in patients with Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). We will confirm this hypothesis by conducting two clinical trials stratified by the presence or absence of high risk features. We will utilize BH3 profiling and MRD testing to assist with predicting treatment response and remission. Our goal is to verify the efficacy of our regimen and prove the utility of BH3 profiling and MRD testing in outcome prediction.

Improving Bispecific CD20/CD19 CAR T-cell Therapy to Overcome Resistance Mechanisms in B-cell Malignancies

The objective of this proposal is to improve bispecific anti-CD20/anti-CD19 CAR T-cell activity and persistence by understanding impact of cell manufacturing parameters on final engineered CAR-T product and determining resistance mechanisms in relapsing patients. We will analyze patient apheresis, final CAR-T product, and peripheral blood samples from subjects enrolled on an ongoing clinical trial (NCT04186520). Data from these studies will advance CAR T-cell therapies for lymphoma patients.

Early Detection and Intervention in Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: population-based screening and treatment; Edit-SMM

We build on the success from the Iceland Screens, Treats, or Prevents Multiple Myeloma (iStopMM) study, where over 80,000 consented to a nationwide screening for MM precursors. A unique cohort of patients with SMM diagnosed in iStopMM will be followed by clinical evaluation, linking to central health data registries, using novel biomarkers, and in-depth genetics. With precision early treatment we aim to induce a paradigm shift leading to improved quality of life and potentially a cure for MM.

Defining the Biologic and Therapeutic Significance of the Novel Long Noncoding RNA MYND in Multiple Myeloma

Long non-protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are fundamental for proper cell function, but their purpose is poorly understood in multiple myeloma. To systematically identify myeloma-promoting lncRNAs, we integrated gene expression profiling of myeloma patients with high-throughput loss-of-function studies in cell lines. Moreover, we optimized strategies to antagonize myeloma-promoting lncRNAs, thus paving the way to developing lncRNA inhibitors as the next generation of therapy.

Mechanisms of Pathogenesis by MYB Fusions in Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm

The transcription factor MYB has long been associated with leukemia, but how it contributes to disease is poorly understood. Fusions of MYB to other proteins, causing MYB activation, are found in patients with Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm (BPDCN), but rare in other leukemias. I am using recently developed techniques to gain insight into how MYB fusions cause BPDCN. This will enable both new treatments for BPDCN and better understanding of the role of MYB in other leukemias.

Investigating the Role of ASXL1 Mutations in CALR-mutated Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

My research focuses on myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and the mutations that drive the progression of these blood cancers. Currently, I am investigating mutations in the gene ASXL1, which are associated with a poor prognosis. I am using mouse models and patient-derived cells to determine how ASXL1 mutations mediate epigenetic changes in MPN. My goal is to identify ways of targeting the pathological mechanisms caused by ASXL1 mutation, resulting in new treatment strategies for patients.

Precision Medicine For DNMT3A-Mutant T-cell ALL

T-cell ALL is an aggressive blood cancer with poor overall survival, high relapse rates, and significant treatment-related side effects. Using primary T-ALL patient samples, this project will study the importance of JAK/STAT signaling and the gene BIRC5 in the pathology of T-ALL driven by DNMT3A mutations using genetic and pharmacological tools. The goal of this proposal is to develop precision medicine approaches for DNMT3A-mutant adult T-ALL patients, a group with poor clinical outcomes

Precision Targeting of Hairy Cell Leukemia using Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells

Though effective treatments in hairy cell leukemia and variant (HCLv) exist, they are associated with profound immunosuppression; thus, more targeted, non-toxic therapies are warranted. In order to specifically target leukemic cells while sparing most normal B cells, we will develop a novel chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy against the IGHV-4-34 B-cell receptor that is found in a significant subset of HCL and associates with poor prognosis.

Detection and treatment of Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma in the premalignant stage.

Clonally expanded T cells carrying somatic mutations circulate in the premalignant phase of Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). We will develop capture-sequencing of recurrent ATL-driver mutations for use as a diagnostic tool for the detection/characterization of ATL-like clones in individuals with high risk of ATL, and, in an aligned clinical study, we will test whether a novel monoclonal antibody (targeting C-C chemokine receptor 4) can eradicate these high-risk cells.

A First-in-human Clinical Trial of CD5 knocked-out Chimeric Antigen T Cells for T-cell Lymphomas

This proposal seeks to develop for the first time in humans a novel CD5 knocked out (KO) anti-CD5 chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CART) product for patients with relapsed or refractory T-cell lymphomas. In Aim#1, we will generate and test a clinical-grade CD5 KO CART5 product, and in Aim#2, we will perform a phase I clinical trial. This project is highly relevant to those parts of the LLS's mission that pertain to the development of personalized and novel therapies for cancer treatment.

Therapeutic targeting of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia using an AKR1C3-activated prodrug

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy that is exceptionally difficult to cure after relapse. We have previously shown that T-ALL expresses high levels of the enzyme AKR1C3, leading to clinical trials of AKR1C3-activated prodrugs. This project will focus on identifying the determinants of responses to AKR1C3-activated prodrugs in T-ALL and optimizing the use of a second generation AKR1C3-activated prodrug, SN36008, in T-ALL patient-derived xenografts.

Improving CAR-T cell therapy outcomes for patients with for aggressive lymphoma and multiple myeloma

Despite the promise of CAR-T cell immunotherapy for patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma, a significant proportion of patients fail to respond or relapse following treatment. This project will focus on the clinical translation of a new treatment designed to improve durable response rates by combining CAR-T cell therapy with a new class of anticancer drugs called SMAC-mimetics. The results will provide the evidence base to drive a first-in-human clinical trial of this combination strategy.

Prediction and prevention of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms following autologous transplantation

The proposed studies will identify alterations in hematopoietic regulation that predict for risk for therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (TMN) and improve understanding of disease evolution to guide strategies to prevent TMN in patients receiving autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (aHCT) for lymphoma. They will investigate alterations in hematopoietic function in peripheral blood stem cell used for aHCT, and serial evolution of hematopoietic defects leading to development of TMN.

Targeting the MMP-13/PD-1H signaling axis for multiple myeloma bone disease and immunosuppression

Multiple myeloma is an incurable blood cancer complicated by bone diseases and compromised immune system. Our work indicated that checkpoint inhibitor PD-1H(VISTA) functions as the MMP-13 receptor, and the MMP-13/PD-1H signaling axis plays a critical role in multiple myeloma induced bone disease and immunosuppression. Therefore, immunotherapy targeting the novel MMP-13/PD-1H interaction module represents a novel approach to cure this devastating cancer.

Targeted combination therapies for leukemia with NUP98 translocations

Leukemia patients with chromosomal translocations of the Nucleoporin (NUP98) gene suffer from very poor prognosis. In this project we will identify new treatment for these patients by combining menin inhibitor with FDA approved drugs. We will evaluate effectiveness, mechanism of action and biomarkers of treatment response to these combinations in advanced pre-clinical models of NUP98 leukemia. We expect these studies will lead to future clinical trials in AML patients with NUP98 translocations.

Investigating anti-neoplastic effects of beta blockers in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) relies on the bone marrow (BM) niche to progress to refractory disease. We found that beta blockers alter BM niche elements fostering MM growth and also reduce MM cell survival. Our objective is to elucidate the cellular and metabolic basis of how beta adrenergic signals impact the BM niche and MM progression. Knowledge of the prophylactic and therapeutic utility of beta blockers in MM will unravel new means to target neural niche remodeling fueling this fatal malignancy.

Studies on clonal hematopoiesis in the 911 WTC first responders

The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) created an unprecedented environmental exposure to WTC aerosolized dust and gases that contained known and suspected carcinogens including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated furans, dioxins and asbestos. Studies from Dr. Verma's group and others have reported an excess of cancer cases in the WTC-exposed Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) firefighters, including a trend towards higher incidence of multiple myeloma and leukemias. He now will be deep sequencing a large group of WTC-exposed firefighters to look for clonal hematopoiesis (CH) which is an acquisition of leukemia associated mutations associated with increases in the risk of hematologic cancer.

A phase 1/2 study of Bexmarilimab, an anti-Clever1 monoclonal antibody, in combination with azacitidine or azacitidine/venetoclax in patients with AML, MDS or CMML

In June 2022, LLS made an equity investment in Faron Pharmaceuticals to "Support Clinical Development of the Bexmarilimab Program for Leukemia Indications."

Faron is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel treatments for medical conditions with significant unmet needs caused by dysfunction of our immune system. The Company currently has a pipeline based on the receptors involved in regulation of immune response in oncology, organ damage and bone marrow regeneration. 

Bexmarilimab, a novel anti-Clever-1 humanized antibody, is its investigative precision immunotherapy with the potential to provide permanent immune stimulation for difficult-to-treat cancers through targeting myeloid function. A Phase 1 study (BEXMAB) of bexmarilimab in combination with azacitidine or azacitidine/venetoclax is currently enrolling AML, MDS or CMML patients in the US and Finland (NCT05428969).

Merging immune and molecular signals in HCL for improved prognosis and treatment decision making

Our research consortium of diagnostic, translational and clinical researchers will undertake an integrated and novel exploration of the immune and genomic landscape in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and correlate those data with response to both conventional and newly emerging therapies. We will apply our innovative platforms of digital spatial profiling, whole genome sequencing and circulating tumor DNA to provide highly novel data from our already collected sample bank from over 60 patients with HCL.

Mosunetuzumab with lenalidomide augmentation as first-line therapy for patients with follicular and marginal zone lymphoma

Dr. Olszewski’s trial will examine mosunetuzumab as a first-line treatment for follicular and marginal zone lymphomas—slow-growing types of B-cell lymphoma which remain incurable using current therapies. Mosunetuzumab is a “bispecific antibody” that can trigger an immune attack of patients’ own cancer-killing T-cells against the lymphoma. Dr. Olszewski team will look for characteristics that predict complete responses when this novel immunotherapy is applied as first-line treatment.

Improving the outcomes of young Black adults diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia

Young Black patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have significantly shorter survival compared to White patients. To comprehensively assess genetic, genomic and biologic contributors to the race-associated survival disparity, we propose a complementary approach that addresses major knowledge gaps in our current understanding of AML biology in Black patients, including the overdue characterization of the Black AML genome and subsequent delineation of biologic response to treatment.

Charting the surfaceome to eliminate hairy cell leukemia (HCL)

To optimize treatment of HCL, we dissect the tumors` surface proteome to understand a) surface mediated signals and b) the dependence on BRAFV600E activity, to c) eradicate remaining cell populations after BRAF inhibitor treatment. We use chemoproteomics, which enable mass-spectrometric-based surfaceome discovery to quantitatively investigate HCL. We expect to identify HCL specific and BRAF-dependent surfaceomes and identify new and critical targets for treatment.

A phase 1 study of KT-333, a STAT3 protein degrader, in patients with NHL

In March 2020, LLS made an equity investment in Kymera Therapeutics to "Support Key Studies with STAT3 Protein Degraders for Future Development in Hematological Patients."

Kymera Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company founded with the mission to discover, develop, and commercialize transformative therapies while leading the evolution of targeted protein degradation, a transformative new approach to address previously intractable disease targets. Whereas most targeted therapies inhibit or inactivate the proteins or genes that drive the cancer, targeted protein degradation harnesses the body’s natural system of ridding itself of unwanted, “old” or “broken” components of cells.

KT-333 is a STAT3 protein degrader. KT-333 is in a Phase 1 clinical trial currently enrolling NHL patients including T-cell lymphoma (PTCL, CTCL) and LGLL (NCT05225584).

Mechanisms and targeting of TP63-rearrangements in lymphoma

Chromosomal rearrangements involving a gene called TP63 have been found in 5-10% of several subtypes of lymphomas and patients with TP63-rearrangements have dismal outcomes, with nearly 0% of patients surviving 5 years after diagnosis. We investigate the oncogenic mechanisms of TP63-rearrangements to find the unique cancer cell vulnerabilities to this rearrangement using different models. Our study will develop an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with TP63-rearranged lymphomas.

Validation of Critical 1q21 Vulnerabilities in multiple myeloma

In previous studies of recurrently amplified 1q21 genes in myeloma, we identified ILF2 as a modulator of the DNA repair pathway, which promotes adaptive responses to genotoxic stress. Thus, ILF2 may have clinical utility as a biomarker of aggressive myeloma and blocking the ILF2-mediated repair signaling may enhance the effectiveness of current DNA-damaging agent-based therapies. We are seeking to determine the feasibility of therapeutically targeting ILF2 with antisense nucleotides and identify DNA repair effectors whose loss of function induces synthetic lethality in ILF2-depleted myeloma.

A phase 1 study of CB-011, a CRISPR-edited allogeneic CAR-T targeting BCMA, in patients with multiple myeloma

In February 2021, LLS made an equity investment in Caribou Biosciences to support "A Phase 1, Multicenter, Open-Label Study of CB-011, a CRISPR-Edited Allogeneic Anti-BCMA CAR-T Cell Therapy in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma." 

Caribou is a leading clinical-stage biotechnology company, co-founded by CRISPR pioneer and Nobel Prize winner Jennifer Doudna, Ph.D., using next-generation CRISPR genome-editing technology to develop “off-the-shelf” (allogeneic) CAR therapies for hard-to-treat blood cancers.

CB-011, Caribou’s second allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy, targets BCMA for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and is immunologically cloaked for enhanced persistence. The CaMMouflage Phase 1 clinical trial, a multicenter, open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single dose of CB-011 in adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (r/r MM), is currently enrolling (NCT05722418).

Translational Discovery in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are poorly understood and patients with PTCL are underserved by current therapies. The most common subtypes (among >20) are PTCL-not otherwise specific (NOS), angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK- ALCL). Rational treatment strategies for these lymphomas are lacking, largely due to the insufficient characterization of PTCL pathobiology and historic paucity of faithful models. Over the past 4 years, our groups and others have identified recurrent alterations in PTCL subsets, developed targeted agents against PTCL and established an unprecedented repository of PTCL models for in vitro and in vivo interrogation. A clinical trial led by director Dr. Horwitz established a new standard-of-care for upfront treatment of CD30+ PTCLs. Additional trials developed through this SCOR have advanced therapeutics targeting PI3 kinase (duvelisib), JAK1/2 (ruxolitinib) and IDH2 (enasidenib) for relapsed/refractory PTCL. The central goal for the next 5 years of support is to establish informed combination strategies that eradicate resistant populations and thereby extend the duration of meaningful responses.

A phase 1 expansion study of IO-202, an antibody targeting LILRB4, in combination with azacitidine/venetoclax in patients with monocytic differentiation AML and CMML

In March 2021, LLS made an equity investment in Immune-Onc Therapeutics to support the "Phase 1 Clinical Development of IO-202, An Antibody Targeting LILRB4, for the Treatment of AML with Monocytic Differentiation and CMML."

Immune-Onc is a private, clinical-stage cancer immunotherapy company dedicated to the discovery and development of novel myeloid checkpoint inhibitors for cancer patients. The company aims to translate unique scientific insights in myeloid cell biology and immune inhibitory receptors to discover and develop first-in-class biotherapeutics that reverse immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Immune-Onc has a differentiated pipeline with a current focus on targeting the Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor subfamily B (LILRB) of myeloid checkpoints. The company’s work builds on early research by Chengcheng (Alec) Zhang, Ph.D. at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center that was also funded by LLS grants.

IO-202 is a first-in-class antibody targeting the LILRB4 and has entered a phase 1 cohort expansion clinical trial (NCT0437243) for the treatment of AML (IO-202 in combination with azacitidine and venetoclax) and CMML (IO-202 in combination with azacitidine). 

A phase 1 study of KT-413, a dual degrader of IRAK4 and IMiD substrates, in patients with DLBCL

In March 2020, LLS made an equity investment in Kymera Therapeutics to "Support Key Studies with IRAK4 Protein Degraders for Future Development in Hematological Patients."

Kymera Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company founded with the mission to discover, develop, and commercialize transformative therapies while leading the evolution of targeted protein degradation, a transformative new approach to address previously intractable disease targets. Whereas most targeted therapies inhibit or inactivate the proteins or genes that drive the cancer, targeted protein degradation harnesses the body’s natural system of ridding itself of unwanted, “old” or “broken” components of cells.

KT-413 is a dual protein degrader of IRAK4 and IMiD substrates. KT-413 is in a Phase 1 clinical trial currently enrolling DLBCL patients (NCT05233033).

Supporting CAR-engineered macrophage (CAR-M) development for blood cancers

In February 2021, LLS made an equity investment in Carisma Therapeutics to "Support CAR Macrophage Development for Blood Cancers."

Carisma is a biopharmaceutical company developing a differentiated and proprietary cell therapy platform focused on engineered macrophages. Carisma is looking at an innovative way to harness yet another part of the human immune system. Carisma is a spin out company from the University of Pennsylvania (Penn), founded by Saar Gill, M.D., Ph.D. and Michael Klichinsky, PharmD, Ph.D., SVP of Research. Early work at Penn was supported in part by LLS grants. Based on preclinical studies, the company’s highly differentiated CAR-macrophage (CAR-M) platform may have the potential to overcome challenges encountered by other cell therapies such as trafficking limitations to the tumor site, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and the heterogeneous expression of tumor-associated antigens.

Carisma is working closely with LLS TAP to develop one or more CAR-M therapies for blood cancers.

A phase 2 study of AFM13, a bispecific cell engager targeting CD30 and CD16A, in combination with modified natural killer cells in patients with CD30-positive lymphoma

In August 2013, LLS began its first European partnership with Affimed that supported two clinical trials for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients. Expanding upon the initial work supported by LLS TAP, Affimed is currently enrolling "Bispecific NK Engager AFM13 Combined With NK Cells for Patients With Recurrent of Refractory CD30 Positive Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas."

Affimed is a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company committed to giving patients back their innate ability to fight cancer by actualizing the untapped potential of the innate immune system using the proprietary ROCK® platform to enable a tumor-targeted approach to recognize and kill a range of hematologic and solid tumors.

AFM13 is bispecific tetravalent engager targeting CD30 on tumor cells and CD16A on NK cells and macrophages. AFM13 in combination with modified natural killer cells is currently in a Phase 2 clinical trial in relapsed or refractory CD30-positive lymphoma (NCT04074746).

Supporting in vivo CAR development for blood cancers

In November 2020, LLS made an equity investment in Abintus Bio to "Support in vivo CAR Development for Blood Cancers."

Abintus Bio is developing cutting-edge in vivo CAR therapies that allow for powerful CAR T cells to be generated directly in a patient’s body, eliminating the need for time-consuming and costly collection, engineering and re-infusion of patient T cells. Abintus plans to develop a portfolio of first-in-class product candidates that reprogram immune cells in vivo to eliminate tumors utilizing proprietary vectors and vector-engineering technologies.

This technology is currently in preclinical testing and could, if successful, support immediate patient dosing, a substantial benefit for patients facing advanced forms of cancer with a poor prognosis. Abintus’ platform is versatile and scalable, so they have the potential to meet the needs of a much larger patient population.

A phase 3 randomized study of magrolimab, an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody, in combination with azacitidine in treatment-naïve patients with higher risk MDS

In July 2019, LLS expanded its partnership with Forty Seven by making an equity investment to support "ENHANCE: A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Study Comparing Magrolimab in Combination With Azacitidine Versus Azacitidine Plus Placebo in Treatment-naïve Patients With Higher Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome."

LLS funded Stanford University researchers and founders of Forty Seven, Irv Weissman, MD, and Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, to study seminal work in macrophages. Forty Seven was a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company that was developing therapies targeting cancer immune evasion pathways and specific cell targeting approaches based on technology licensed from Stanford University. Gilead Sciences acquired Forty Seven in March 2020 and continues to develop magrolimab in multiple clinical studies in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and solid tumors.

Magrolimab is a first-in-class monoclonal antibody against the CD47 receptor. Magrolimab is being investigated in multiple Phase 3 clinical studies. One Phase 3 study supported in part by LLS TAP involves magrolimab in combination with azacitidine for the treatment-naive patients with higher risk myelodysplastic syndrome (NCT04313881).

A phase 1 study of STRO-001, an anti-CD74 antibody drug conjugate, in patients with advanced B-cell malignancies

In August 2018, LLS partnered with Sutro Biopharma to support "A Phase 1 Open-Label, Safety, Pharmacokinetic and Preliminary Efficacy Study of STRO-001, an Anti-CD74 Antibody Drug Conjugate, in Patients With Advanced B-Cell Malignancies."

Sutro Biopharma is a clinical-stage drug discovery, development and manufacturing company that uses precise protein engineering and rational design to advance next-generation oncology therapeutics.

STRO-001 is a CD74-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) currently being investigated in a Phase 1 clinical trial of patients with advanced B-cell malignancies, including multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NCT03424603). STRO-001 is a new generation of ADC with more efficient homogeneous ADC design, which has the potential to minimize unwanted toxicity and improve clinical impact over prior technologies.

Clinical investigation to improve efficacy of CAR-T Cell Therapy for Large B Cell Lymphoma

We are investigating new interventions that could improve the effectiveness of CAR T-cell therapy for lymphoma. A clinical trial will test radiation immediately followed by CAR-T. Larger lymphoma tumors are less likely to respond to CAR-T and we expect that radiation could reduce the amount of tumor, leading to improvement in responses. We will also conduct a series of trials to determine the effectiveness of vaccinations before and after CAR T cell therapy, and if anti-cancer vaccines could improve outcomes.

Cellular Crosstalk In The Normal And Malignant Bone Marrow

We want to understand how leukemia inhibits blood production as this is one of the main causes of death in leukemia patients. We use new microscopy techniques developed by our group to image—for the first time—all types of blood cells and how they are eradicated by leukemia cells. Identification of the mechanisms through which leukemia inhibits blood production will be the foundation for new studies to develop drugs to maintain normal blood levels and prevent death in leukemia patients.

Clonal Evolution of Pre-Leukemic Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Human Myeloid Malignancies

It has been demonstrated that most cases of AML are associated with mutations in multiple genes. Dr. Majeti's studies will provide novel insights into the genetic events and other factors such as the microenvironment that affect in the development of myeloid malignancies, particularly AML. This study will have significant implications for the prevention and treatment of myeloid malignancies, particularly AML.

Cardioprotective Strategies and Cardiotoxicity Prediction in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

We seek to reduce the adverse cardiac effects of chemotherapy in pediatric AML patients. We are assessing markers of heart function and injury to compare two clinical strategies for prevention of chemotherapy-induced heart injury. We are also developing a tool using these markers of heart function to characterize a child’s risk for cardiac dysfunction, which is critical to guiding safe chemotherapy delivery. By reducing the toxicity of therapy on the heart we hope to optimize delivery of effective chemotherapy and contribute to long-term leukemia cure without the burden of life-threatening heart disease during survivorship.

Improving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by defining novel regulators of engraftment

Blood-forming stem cells are routinely transplanted into patients to treat blood cancers. We discovered that multiple members of the GASP (G-protein coupled receptor Associated Sorting Proteins) family inhibit the function of blood-forming stem cells during transplantation. Our goal is to determine exactly how GASP family members inhibit these critical cells in order to inform our efforts to improve the efficiency of blood stem cell transplantation.

Novel Immunotherapeutic Development in Childhood AML

Dr. Soheil Meshinchi is taking a personalized medicine approach to identify immunotherapies for specific subsets of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Pediatric AML remains a devastating disease with only a 60% survival rate. Survivors often have long-term quality of life issues related to the toxic chemotherapy used to treat their disease. A better knowledge of the molecular basis of pediatric AML will help identify targets for therapeutic intervention. Some of these targets may be mutants of normal genes, while others may be overexpression of normal genes, which would provide a therapeutic window in which targeting the overexpressed gene product may preferentially kill tumor cells. Dr. Meshinchi has surveyed the gene expression spectrum of pediatric AML and has identified several targets which are overexpressed in pediatric AML. One protein, CD74, is highly expressed in a subset of AMLs. Another target is CD70, which is highly expressed in about half of all pediatric AML cases that include a fusion of the MLL protein. Patients with MLL fusions have a worse outcome. Lastly, some infant AML patients have another kind of fusion protein paired with overexpression of the FOLR1 protein. All three proteins that Dr. Meshinchi has identified as being highly expressed in subsets of pediatric AML have much lower expression in healthy cells. Therefore, targeting these proteins is a logical choice. These three proteins are all expressed on the surface of the cell, making them accessible to targeting by special therapeutic antibodies called “antibody drug conjugates” (ADCs). ADCs have a toxic payload attached to them. When the antibody binds to its target on the cell surface, the cell takes in the ADC releasing the toxic payload, which then kills the cell. This immunotherapy approach is a highly specific, personalized approach for treating cancer. ADCs to each of the protein targets identified by Dr. Meshinchi are being clinically evaluated in other diseases, providing the opportunity to potentially repurpose those drugs for pediatric AML. Therefore, Dr. Meshinchi proposes to evaluate these ADCs in laboratory models of pediatric AML. Should any of these drugs show promise in these laboratory models, Dr. Meshinchi will propose clinical trials in pediatric patients through LLS’s Pediatric Acute Leukemia (PedAL) Master Clinical Trial. If any of the targets do not have an effective drug in the laboratory models, Dr. Meshinchi will create new ADCs using proven expertise currently available in his laboratory. Therefore, these studies present the possibility of new, targeted immunotherapy for specific subsets of pediatric AML patients, either rapidly through drug repurposing, or through the development of new ADCs. The goal is to improve the survival and quality of life for these vulnerable blood cancer patients.

Multi-modal Immunotherapeutic Targeting of AML-restricted Targets in Infants and Children

Advances in understanding and management of AML in children has been stagnant for decades. Observed improvements in survival are more directly linked to improvements in supportive care or risk identification rather than advances in therapeutics. Excitement around FDA approval of two new IDH1/2 inhibitors did not reach the pediatric oncology community given paucity or absence of such mutations in children. This also highlights the stark differences between AML in older adults and that in younger patients. Thus, “trickle down therapeutics” where therapies that are developed in older adults are used effectively in children is a flawed concept. Discoveries and therapeutic development in younger patients must be prioritized if meaningful advances are to be made in curing AML in younger patients. Given that AML in children is not a priority for the pharmaceutical companies, alternate mechanisms for advancing therapeutics in children and young adults should be implemented.

Delivering unique immunotherapeutics for treatment of mantle cell lymphoma

City of Hope has a reputation for innovative translational research, and multiple researchers in the proposed application are prominent in the lymphoma field. The institutional commitment to translational science is evident in City of Hope’s investment in research support/regulatory affairs infrastructure and campus GMP manufacturing facilities. Since patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) have poor outcomes after autologous transplantation, our researchers have been developing new immunotherapeutic strategies to combat this disease. This RFA was timely, as our team was preparing several innovative projects specifically focused on MCL. Our projects are unified by a focus on specific cell and pathway targeting, and antibody-based biologic agents. In fact, 3 of the proposed agents to be tested in this grant were developed here and will be manufactured at City of Hope. The immunotherapies proposed here target a range of antigens, including a unique MCL-specific antigen, and employ novel mechanisms of action, including B-cell receptor (BCR) feedback control, T cell killing and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Tumor target specificity is crucial to the safety and tolerability of any immunotherapy. However even with perfect specificity, targeting a single antigen or pathway is frequently insufficient due to antigen- and immune-escape mechanisms. Therefore we are exploring combining our antibody-based agents with inhibitors of B cell signaling (BTK, PI3K, Akt), as well as combining them between projects, in order to cut off tumor escape routes. Developing therapeutics with both high specificity and high potency against MCL is a lofty goal, but one that we aim to achieve. Project 1: Development of a unique tumor-specific, antibody therapy against mantle cell lymphoma (L Kwak, H Qin, L Chen). We have utilized a live cell-based phage display platform to target low-abundance, unique cell markers, discovering an antibody light chain binding domain specific to human MCL. We have further engineered a light chain antibody that binds highly specifically to MCL (MCLC-Ab), with no binding to other subtypes of B-cell lymphomas, nor to normal blood cells. This MCLC-Ab shows potent anti-tumor activity in xenograft MCL models. In Project 1, we will identify the MCLC-Ab target and confirm the antibody specificity for MCL by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry (SA1). The MCLC-Ab will then undergo preclinical development as both an MCL diagnostic antibody (SA2) and as a potent, MCL-specific therapeutic (SA3). Project 2: Combining CAR T cells with signaling modulators for treatment of relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (S Forman, X Wang, E Budde, S Blanchard). CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is limited by suboptimal response rates in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), persistent B cell aplasia, and a high risk of cytokine release syndrome (CRS). To improve the remission rates for patients with MCL, we propose combining CAR T cells with 3 oral agents that modulate B and T cell signaling: the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib, the Akt inhibitor MK-2206, and the PI3K inhibitor TGR-1202. First we propose a clinical trial of ibrutinib for relapsed MCL, followed by CD19CAR T cell infusion (SA1). We expect that ibrutinib will enhance response rates to CAR T cell therapy and may also decrease cytokine production, reducing severe CRS. This trial is built on our established clinical platform for CD19CAR T cell therapy for NHL. We will also optimize and pre-clinically develop the MCLC-Ab from Project 1 as a CAR, with the potential to avoid persistent B cell aplasia (SA2). Finally, we plan to test the use of Akt and PI3K inhibitors as part of CAR T cell manufacturing to improve T cell persistence and potency, and in vivo as combined therapy with CAR T cells (SA3). Project 3: Targeting oncogenic B cell receptor (BCR)-feedback control in refractory mantle cell lymphoma (M Muschen, V Ngo, R Chen, L Chen). Project 3 proposes to target the CD25 surface antigen present on both regulatory T cells (Tregs) and MCL cells, using a new CD25 antibody-pyrrolobenzodiazepine conjugate (ADCT-301). In SA1, in a humanized mouse model, we will use the CD25-ADC to pre-deplete immunosuppressive Tregs and enhance the activity of Project 1’s MCLC-Ab and Project 2’s CD19 CAR T cells. We have discovered that MCL cell surface CD25 recruits inhibitory SHIP1, attenuating oncogenic BCR signaling strength. CD25 normally cycles from cytoplasm to surface of MCL cells, but can be forced to remain on the cell surface via CD19 engagement or PI3K/Akt inhibition. In SA2, we will combine CD19 antibody or CD19 CAR T cells with CD25-ADC to force CD25 surface expression, enhancing ADCT-301 targeting. In SA3, we will stimulate CD25 surface accumulation using Akt and PI3K inhibitors to maximize targeting. Core A: Pathology and Tissue Bank Core (WC Chan, J Song). Core A will provide tissue bank services, screen MCLC-Ab to validate its specificity (FFPE sections, flow cytometry) and diagnostic utility (Project 1), provide MRD and residual tumor assessment for the clinical trial (Project 2), and assess immune reconstitution in humanized mice (Project 3). Core B: Translational Core (S Thomas, C Matsumoto). Core B will provide project management, clinical trial design, clinical protocol development, IND preparation, scientific writing and regulatory support services. Synergy: Our researchers are extremely collaborative as evidenced by the interactions that weave the individual projects into a cohesive team-science program. Project 1 + Project 2: Development of MCLC-CAR T cells. Project 2 + Project 3: CD19 stimulation of CD25 surface expression prior to ADC therapy, PI3K/Akt inhibition studies. Project 3 + Project 2 + Project 1: Regulatory T cell depletion with CD25-ADC prior to CAR T cell therapy or MCLC-Ab. Core A and Core B will provide services for all 3 projects as described above.

Structural chromosomal rearrangements and the multi-step progression of multiple myeloma

Two newly identified structural DNA changes, termed chromothripsis and chromoplexy, result in the formation of new chromosomal structures where multiple genes can be deregulated simultaneously. These events involve the relocation of super-enhancers to the sites of oncogenes, which provides a strong drive for cancer progression, an association with high-risk status, adverse prognosis, and punctuated evolution.

Improving therapy for CRLF2-rearranged Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia

CRLF2-rearranged ALL is the most common subset of Ph-like ALL, has a very poor prognosis and lacks effective therapy. This project will use two novel approaches to improve treatment. The first is developing proteolysis-targeting chimeras to degrade JAK2 and inhibit constitutive JAK-STAT signaling. In the second approach, we will use CRISPR/Cas9 activating and inhibitory genomic screens to identify cellular dependencies, vulnerabilities and synthetic lethal opportunities for therapy.

Synergistic targeting of metabolic and epigenetic vulnerabilities in leukemia stem cells

Our lab is focused on identifying unique features that distinguishes acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cells from normal blood-forming stem cells. The cells that make more AML cells than others are called AML stem cells, and these cells need to be eradicated to achieve deep therapeutic responses. We believe targeting metabolism may achieve this goal and found strategies to target AML stem cell metabolism without harming normal stem cells. We hope that our study will lead to improved therapies against AML targeting metabolism to achieve deep remission with little toxicity.

PD1 blockade alone and in combination with BTK/ITK inhibition in patients with refractory and recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma

We study a rare and aggressive brain cancer called primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). We are using an emerging knowledge of the genetic basis of PCNSL to develop novel clinical trials exploring the use of targeted and immunotherapy agents in PCNSL patients. These trials include assessment of the activity of a PD-1 inhibitor by itself and in combination with a BTK inhibitor in PCNSL patients, as well as identifying any mechanisms of treatment resistance that may develop. The goal of our clinical research is to enhance survival and improve neurologic function in PCNSL patients.

Interventional Epigenetics in Myeloid Malignancies

Myeloid malignancies like acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) arise due to a combination of genetic mutations and epigenetic abnormalities that sustain the abnormal behavior of cancer cells. The genetic material of the cell is the “hard drive” full of instructions that allow cells to grow, have unique functions, and ultimately live or die. Epigenetics is the “software” of the cell, allowing access to the information from the hard drive in a controlled manner. This interplay between the hardware and the software culminates in gene expression, allowing the genetic material to be read and interpreted. Targeted therapy in other myeloid cancers only works for a fraction of patients. Most myeloid cancers have a constellation of mutations that, in combination, likely determine the outcome of patients. The genetic mutations in myeloid cancers often occur in genes that control the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. While it is not possible to correct the genetic abnormalities in cancer cells, it is becoming possible to target and reverse the epigenetic abnormalities, and either kill the cancer cell or make it behave more normally. The goal of this SCOR is to analyze basic mechanisms of disease in order to arrive at novel therapeutic strategies and develop biomarkers that can predict the likelihood of a therapeutic response.

REACH: Recruitment Expansion through community Access to Clinical trials in Hematologic malignancies

Mayo Clinic Rochester (MCR) is a tertiary center with 35,000 blood cancer visits annually. Circa 70% of patients referred to MCR come from 5 states: MN, WI, IA, SD and ND inhabited by 10,483,946 people living primarily in a rural setting. To improve local care access, MCR has developed the Mayo Clinic Health System (MCHS), a network of 17 community sites of which 7 have oncology care. In 2018, the MCR joined with the University of Minnesota to establish the Minnesota Cancer Clinical Trials Network (MCCTN) that includes 18 sites. These 2 networks encompass large areas of rural, economically disadvantaged populations and unrepresented minorities, including Native Americans, Latinos and African Americans. The MCR is actively supporting clinical research at MCHN sites, including access to clinical trials (CTs) portfolio. Oncology CTs are open in some of MCHS sites but of the 25 currently open, only 2 CTs target blood cancers. The University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Lymphoma SPORE has opened epidemiological trials in the MCHS. The MCCTN is new and none of the 3 open CTs are hematologic. Lymphoma study accruals from the MCHS include 42 patients (1 therapeutic; 41 lymphoma epidemiology). The robust epidemiology trial accrual demonstrates that these new lymphoma patients are being seen at these sites and are willing to consent. While many patients from rural communities are seen at MCR for initial diagnosis, these patients often are unable to enroll into trials due to distance from MCR. Feedback from providers from both Networks identified barriers to accrual to lymphoma CTs: i) lack of local lymphoma trials; ii) competition with the more common solid tumor CTs for scarce resources; iii) very busy clinical practices that limits dedicated time for enrollment of intensive complex hematology patients. The practice pressure particularly affects patients requiring language or financial assistance. In this proposal, we outline our plans to address the 3 barriers identified.

Leveraging dysregulated signaling networks for therapeutic benefit in myeloproliferative neoplasms

The objective of this project is to decipher mechanisms driving transformation of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) to secondary acute leukemia (sAML). We have identified increased expression of DUSP6 and RSK1 in sAML patient cells. Genetic/pharmacologic targeting suggest a role for DUSP6 and RSK1 in MPN development. We thus propose studies to determine how DUSP6 and RSK1 contribute to MPN pathogenesis, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of DUSP6 and/or RSK1 inhibition for MPN patients.

Systematic multiomic profiling of tumor and immune cells for non invasive detection of early myeloma

Multiple myeloma remains largely incurable and there is consensus that the pathway to cure cancer involves treating patients earlier. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop methods for early detection of pre-malignant disease and to help tailoring treatment for patients with smoldering myeloma. We aim to develop new methods for minimally invasive characterization of patients with smoldering myeloma in order to treat disease causation instead of symptomatology and increase curability rates.

Immunogenicity and safety of commercially available vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with hematologic malignancies and associated precursor conditions

Mass immunization campaigns are underway in the US after the emergency use authorization of highly effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Despite the efficacy of these measures, patients with B cell malignancies and associated precursor conditions remain at a high risk of adverse outcomes due to COVID-19 infection. These patients were excluded from pivotal vaccination trials that tested the efficacy in the general population. Historically, patients with hematologic malignancies have a 20-50% rate of immunogenicity to routine vaccinations – either due to the underlying malignancy itself or due to immunosuppressive therapies. We are currently enrolling patients in an observational study (NCT04748185) to assess the immunogenicity and safety of commercially available vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with B cell malignancies and associated precursor conditions such as monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis (MBL). Eligible patients who those with a diagnosis of a B cell malignancy (without regard to treatment status of the underlying malignancy). In collaboration with the Mayo Vaccine Center, we will determine immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by: a) measuring antibody response (including anti-spike antibody, anti-nucleocapsid antibody, and blocking antibody titers); and b) measuring cell mediated immune response (including T cell ELISpot assay).

T-cell immunotherapy for prevention of COVID-19 following bone marrow transplantation

SARS-Cov-2 infections may be prolonged in cancer patients and may enable intrahost development of virulent viral variants. Adoptive immunotherapy with virus-specific T-cells has been an effective treatment for refractory viral infections in immunocompromised patients following HSCT. We propose to study the functionality of coronavirus-specific T-cells (CSTs) from healthy donors, and utilize CSTs as preventative therapy for patients undergoing bone marrow transplant in a phase I study.

Unfolding selective pathway dependencies of CALR mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms

The goal of this study is to selectively eradicate blood cancer cells carrying mutations in a gene called calreticulin. Genes and corresponding proteins required for cancer cell survival but not for the survival of healthy cells will first be targeted in mice, both genetically and by using drugs. Validated drugs will then be tested on patient samples. This study will lay the foundation to the development of tailored treatments for patients with calreticulin-mutated blood cancer.

Therapeutic targeting of AML stem cells

Our SCOR team seeks to fundamentally reinvent the ways in which physicians diagnose and treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For over 40 years, AML has been treated with a combination of chemotherapy drugs that have major side effects and usually only provide short-term benefit to patients. Indeed, survival rates for most AML patients are dismal, and quality of life for these patients is poor. Consequently, improved strategies for AML are a huge priority for the field. We believe that the lack of progress against AML is due to a single, fundamental failure of existing therapies: While current therapies attack leukemia cells, they fail to act against the real root of the problem, namely leukemia stem cells. It’s like mowing over weeds in a lawn. If the roots are not removed, the weed (disease) will grow back. And like eradicating the roots of weeds, AML stem cells have proved difficult to treat. This is primarily due to the fact that AML stem cells within a given patient can exist in multiple forms, each of which has a differing response to therapy. In other words, while various drugs can often kill some AML stem cells in a patient, completely eradicating all the AML stem cells can be very difficult.

Understanding SARS-Cov-2 evolution in haemato-oncology patients

Through phenotypic and functional studies of immune cells, proteomic mapping of immune responses and genomic studies of variant strains, this project will assess the evolution of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccine responses in hemato-oncology patients. Integration of immunological profiles and genomic outcomes with clinical characteristics will inform future best patient management, especially for those patients at risk of prolonged infection with long term viral shedding.

Targeting Leukemia Stem Cells in the Clinical Setting: The Development of A Comprehensive Program

My focus is to develop a program in which novel therapies targeting leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are tested in clinical trials. This is achieved via partnership with laboratory-based colleagues who identify vulnerabilities in LSCs. Once recognized, we find or develop drugs to exploit these weaknesses through clinical trials for acute myeloid leukemia patients. The goal is to bring forward new therapies that result in deep and durable responses, which also have the potential to cure this disease.

Identification of therapeutic targets sensitizing acute myeloid leukemia to BCL2 inhibitors

Venetoclax is a medication that can induce cell death of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but its effectiveness needs to be further improved to benefit more patients. We are conducting a functional genetic screen to identify cooperating targets that enhance the efficacy of venetoclax and investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. Our study will provide valuable insights for understanding cell death regulation in AML and facilitating the clinical application of venetoclax for AML treatment.

Unraveling the mechanisms of immune checkpoint dysfunction in cutaneous T cell lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a disfiguring, incurable malignancy profoundly affecting patients’ appearances, quality of life, and relationships. Standard treatments only benefit 30% of patients with limited duration. Rather than focusing on the tumor alone, we target the adjacent tumor microenvironment, which nourishes tumor growth. We have begun a clinical trial of durvalumab, which is an inhibitor of the checkpoint protein receptor PD-L1. We are currently investigating how immune checkpoint proteins together with the immune booster lenalidomide affect CTCL growth. This research will benefit not only those with CTCL but many other cancers.

Targeting Plek2 for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms

Current therapy for MPNs remains suboptimal with ongoing risks for thrombosis. Newer drug such as JAK inhibitor has toxicity and is not curative. New targeted therapy with less side effects is urgently needed in the field. This project focuses on the inhibitors of Plek2, a novel target of MPNs. We have identified lead compounds of Plek2 through screening and medicinal chemistry. We propose to further study the mechanisms of action of the inhibitors and perform in vivo studies using MPN models.

Detection and Targeting of Enzymatic Base Editing Deregulation in Leukemia Stem Cells

Dr. Jamieson is examining the role of two enzymes (APOBEC3 and ADAR1) known to mutate DNA and RNA, and their role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and disease relapse, particularly in elderly patients.

Improving BTK Inhibitor Therapy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Through Rational Combination Strategies

Ibrutinib is a targeted oral treatment for CLL that is safe and highly effective, however it must be given indefinitely which leads to chronic side effects and allows resistance to develop. We are conducting two clinical trials that add a second drug to ibrutinib to eliminate the remaining leukemia or ibrutinib-resistant leukemia cells. If these trials are successful, people taking CLL with or without resistance may be able to stop treatment in remission after taking an ibrutinib combination.

Immunotherapy of Hematologic Malignancies

The overall goal of this SCOR proposal is to develop and clinically validate T-cell immunotherapies designed to produce antitumor activity without the toxicities associated with intensive chemotherapy. The effectiveness of T-cell immunotherapy for leukemia and lymphoma has now been amply demonstrated. Studies conducted in our previous SCOR have already led to multicenter trials and orphan drug designation of EBV-specific T cells for the treatment of EBV-positive NHL and to commercial licensing of our genetically modified T cells and a genetic safety switch engineered into effector T cells.

Engineering nanobodies for lymphoma immunotherapeutics

This project will generate optimized single-chain antibodies (nanobodies) against HVEM and BTLA, two cell receptors that are misregulated in ~75% of follicular lymphomas. We will select for nanobodies that inhibit lymphoma tumor growth through restoration of HVEM or BTLA activity. We will further engineer lymphoma-targeted CAR-T cells, which have shown anti-tumor activity in other malignancies, to secrete these anti-HVEM or anti-BTLA nanobodies, in an alternative combination therapy approach.

Manipulation of cell fate in myeloid disease

Apoptosis is a normal cellular process of getting rid of extra cells that is co-opted by cancer cells to enhance their own survival, and we aim to better understand this process in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Pevonedistat (PEV) is a novel therapy presumed to function, in part, through its effects on apoptosis. Our clinical trial will combine PEV with the standard of care therapy for MDS, azacitidine, in order to keep cancer cells from hijacking apoptosis, and we will study patient samples to match responses with molecular changes in the cancer cells. We seek to determine the suitability of this approach for MDS, and the ability to predict which patients may respond to PEV-based therapy.

T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia accumulation in the central nervous system

T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has a strong tendency to infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS). The goal is hope to develop strategies to treat CNS disease in T-ALL with less neurotoxicity and more efficacy than current chemotherapy.

Deciphering the metabolic basis for t(11;14) multiple myeloma venetoclax sensitivity

The BCL-2 antagonist venetoclax is highly cytotoxic in a subset of t(11;14) multiple myeloma (MM). In investigating the metabolic basis for the sensitivity of t(11;14) MM to venetoclax, we determined that sensitive cells exhibit significantly reduced succinate ubiquinone reductase (SQR) activity. In addition, inhibition of SQR sensitizes resistant MM to venetoclax. Our proposal seeks to investigate SQR as a diagnostic and therapeutic target to broaden the application of this potent BH3 mimetic.

Novel combination strategies to enhance brentuximab vedotin efficacy in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma

New, non-chemotherapy treatments that use a patient’s own immune system have transformed the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Typically used in patients with cHL that is resistant to standard treatment, these immune therapies can control the disease for months to years. However, in the long run, most patients will not be cured and will have immunotherapy-resistant cHL. My research evaluates strategies for reversing resistance to brentuximab vedotin (BV) immunotherapy for cHL by combining BV with other treatments in clinical trials.

Investigating the role of CREBBP mutations and epigenetic crosstalk in B-cell lymphoma

We seek to understand the genetic and epigenetic etiology of B-cell lymphoma and how deregulation of normal epigenetic programs perturb developmental programs and immune interactions. We approach this using a variety of genomic technologies to interrogate primary human tumors, CRISPR-engineered cell lines, patient-derived xenograft models and transgenic mouse models with different genetic lesions. We hope to understand how genetic and epigenetic changes associated with B-cell lymphoma create dependencies or characteristics that can be targeted through rational therapeutic interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Role of ERK isoforms in normal hematopoiesis and leukemia

Current therapies for cancers driven by “RAS/ERK’ pathway mutations, such as juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), are either high risk (bone marrow transplant) or ineffective (targeted inhibitors). We have identified a unique dependency of JMML cell growth for a group of ERK targets, which are not required for normal blood cell growth. We are investigating this further and aim to identify the ERK targets responsible, which may provide new drug targets to treat JMML and other cancers.

Preclinical optimization of statin/BH3 mimetic combinations in multiple myeloma

This project will evaluate a novel two-drug combination to improve killing of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. First, we will test the hypothesis that statins increase killing of MM cells by BH3 mimetics including venetoclax and the MCL-1 inhibitor AMG 176. Second, we will identify biomarkers that predict response. This project will have significant positive impact on two fields: repurposing statins for blood cancer, and application of BH3 mimetics to improve health and survival of MM patients.

Targeting Enhancer Dysfunction in Hematological Malignancy

Blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma may be caused by abnormal regulation of genes that control normal cell growth and development. Genes that are normally active can be silenced and/or genes normally not present in a blood cell are abnormally activated. The result can be an uncontrolled signal for continued cell growth or survival. Our group studies the molecular basis of this gene deregulation using cells cultured in the laboratory, human specimens, and animal models.

Targeting cathepsin G in acute myeloid leukemia

We developed a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting an epitope of the myeloid associated antigen cathepsin G that is processed and presented in the contest of the MHC complex in myeloid leukemic cells. T cells expressing the cathepsin G specific CAR (CG1.CAR) recognize HLA-A2+ myeloid target cells expressing cathepsin G. We intend to study efficacy and safety of CG1.CAR-T cells in preclinical models in preparation of a phase I clinical study in patients with relapsed/refractory AML.

Targeted therapy for AML expressing mutant RUNX1

Clinical outcome of high-risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) and AML with mutant (mt) RUNX1 is relatively poor. Supported by our preclinical data, we propose a Phase Ib clinical trial of omacetaxine mepisuccinate (OM) and venetoclax along with correlative science studies in patients with relapsed MDS or AML exhibiting mtRUNX1. Studies proposed will also determine pre-clinical activity of novel, OM-based combinations against mtRUNX1-expressing, patient-derived, pre-treatment AML cells.

Improving risk assessment of AML with a precision genomic strategy to assess mutation clearance

We will enroll transplant-eligible patients with intermediate-risk AML, and define mutation clearance after recovery from induction using deep exome sequencing. Patients who clear all mutations will be consolidated with chemotherapy only (HiDAC). Patients who fail to clear all mutations will be offered an allogeneic transplant. This prospective study may improve outcomes for intermediate-risk patients by more precisely using transplantation in first remission.

Optimizing ibrutinib combination strategies to achieve minimal residual disease negativity in CLL

We seek to optimize combination therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia with ibrutinib. We will address this question through 2 clinical trials combining ibrutinib with chemoimmunotherapy or an antibody. We will also examine the biology of CLL cells at a genetic and functional level to predict who will have the best response to therapy and to identify resistance mechanisms. Our goal is to develop curative combinations for CLL and to understand resistance in the patients who are not cured.

Overcoming ibrutinib resistance in mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive blood cancer which affects about 3,000 individuals in the United States annually. Despite advances of novel therapies in blood cancers, MCL remains incurable, and patients ultimately succumb to disease. We seek to evaluate longitudinal samples from patients with MCL treated with novel therapies to understand the mechanisms of drug resistance. We identify novel targets, with a particular focus on protein turnover pathways, to overcome drug resistance and improve survival of patients with MCL.

Therapeutic modulation of serine availability for SF3B1-mutant myeloid malignancies

Mutations in the spliceosome gene SF3B1 are common in myeloid malignancies, but they are currently untargetable. Our previous work has shown that SF3B1 mutations reprogram energy metabolism and create vulnerability to restriction of the nonessential amino acid serine. Here we propose a preclinical project studying PEGylated cystathioinine beta synthase (pCBS), a recombinant enzyme that catabolizes serine, as a treatment for SF3B1-mutant myeloid malignancies.

Identification of novel therapeutic strategies for aggressive subtypes of CTCL

Coming soon.

Longitudinal functional genomics in mantle cell lymphoma therapy and drug resistance

Overview Title: Longitudinal functional genomics in mantle cell lymphoma therapy and drug resistance Weill Cornell Medicine and Ohio State University PI: Selina Chen-Kiang, Ph.D. co-PI: Peter Martin, M.D. Despite the plethora of therapies available for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), it remains incurable due to the development of drug resistance. Moreover, each successive treatment failure is associated with a more rapidly proliferating disease and fewer practical treatment options. For example, the BTK inhibitor (BTKi) ibrutinib has unprecedented activity but failure is virtually universal and is associated with dismal outcomes. Understanding the genomic basis and mechanisms for drug resistance in MCL is therefore urgently needed. Our goal is to develop superior therapies for MCL that are practical, well tolerated and amenable to patient stratification, by defining the genomic and the molecular and immunological mechanisms for drug resistance in the context of rationally designed clinical trials with targeted agents. Targeting the cell cycle represents a rational approach to MCL therapy, as dysregulation of CDK4 and aberrant cyclin D1 expression underlie unrestrained proliferation in disease progression. We have demonstrated that induction of prolonged early G1 arrest (pG1) by inhibiting CDK4 with palbociclib not only prevented proliferation of primary MCL cells but also reprogrammed them for killing by clinically relevant targeting agents including ibrutinib and PI3K inhibitors (PI3Ki)s. By longitudinal functional genomics of serial biopsies from MCL patients treated with either palbociclib or ibrutinib we discovered a close association of clinical response with inactivation of PI3K and activation of the tumor suppressor transcription factor FOXO1. Moreover, chromatin remodeling appeared to be the proximal event that reprograms MCL cells in response to CDK4 inhibition. Collectively, our findings suggest that through regulation of PI3K and FOXO1 and the epigenome, induction of pG1 by CDK4 inhibition reprograms MCL for a deeper and more durable clinical response to BTKi and PI3Ki. Supporting this hypothesis, in our phase 1 clinical trial of palbociclib + ibrutinib (PALIBR) in recurrent MCL (N=27) the overall response rate was 67% with 43% complete responses. The responses were rapid and durable; only 2 responding patients have progressed in the 32 months since the trial opened. To further accelerate the development of targeted MCL therapies, we have developed a novel inhibitor for protein arginine methyl transferase 5 (PRMT5), which is dysregulated in MCL and many other human cancers. Inhibition of PRMT5 reverses PRMT5 catalyzed epigenetic marks, restores regulatory pathways and enhances survival of preclinical models of MCL and kills ibrutinib-resistant primary MCL cells. Building on these novel findings and capitalizing on the upcoming multi-center phase 2 PALIBR in recurrent MCL, we propose to investigate drug resistance and develop new strategies that circumvent drug resistance in three integrated projects. Project 1: Development of rational treatment strategies for new and recurrent MCL (PI: Peter Martin, M.D.; co-PI: Jia Ruan, M.D., Ph.D., and Kami Maddocks, M.D.). We aim to develop regimens that can be targeted to the appropriate patient subset, are well tolerated, and can be administered in the community. We will conduct a multicenter feasibility trial of lenalidomide + rituximab (R2)+ durvalumab in untreated MCL with real-time monitoring of MRD. We will explore whether durvalumab can overcome immune-mediated resistance to R2 and whether using MRD to modify therapy improves tolerability and practicality without compromising efficacy. We will also conduct a multicenter phase 2 trial of PALIBR in previously treated MCL to better define patients most likely to benefit from this therapy while providing information on mechanisms of resistance in collaboration with Project 2 and 3. Project 2: Functional genomics and mechanism of drug resistance in MCL (PI: Selina Chen-Kiang, Ph.D.; co-PI: Olivier Elemento, Ph.D., and Lewis Cantley, Ph.D.) The clinical response from the phase 1 clinical trial of PALIBR supports our hypothesis that induction of pG1 by CDK4 inhibition reprograms MCL for a deeper and more durable clinical response. To understand the underlying mechanism, we aim to identify the genomic resistance biomarkers by longitudinal functional genomics in the context of the clinical response to PALIBR in the phase 2 clinical trial in collaboration with Project 1. We will further elucidate the mechanism of pG1 reprograming for ibrutinib vulnerability, and target the therapy vulnerability conferred by the genomic resistance biomarkers discovered in this study, such as targeting PRMT5 in collaboration with Project 3. Project 3: Targeting the epigenome in MCL (PI: Jihye Paik, Ph.D., co-PI: Robert Baiocchi, M.D., Ph.D.). Based on our collective evidence, we hypothesize that dysregulation of PRMT5 and FOXO1 causes epigenetic and gene expression changes promoting MCL proliferation and survival. Thus, targeting PRMT5-regulated epigenome may restore FOXO1-mediated cytotoxic gene expression and induce MCL killing. Our goal is to characterize the epigenetic recruitment of PRMT5 and FOXO1 for mechanism-based targeting of MCL epigenome. We aim to identify direct targets of PRMT5 necessary for MCL proliferation and survival, and to define the role of FOXO1 in killing of MCL cells by targeting the epigenome, in collaboration with Projects 1 and 2. These innovative studies are supported by the Administrative Core, Pathology Core and Genomics, Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core (organization table appended). In addition, WCM has pledged a match of 1.7 million for the proposed studies as indicated in the letters from Drs. Augustine Choi, Dean of WCM, John Leonard, Interim Chairman of Medicine and Lewis Cantley, Director of the Meyer Cancer Center (appended).

Aberrant LZTR1 and RIT1 signaling as a driver of clonal hematopoietic disorders

Our research focuses on a novel mechanism of RAS protein regulation via the protein LZTR1, which is altered in leukemia and hinders the effectiveness of leukemia therapies. We will utilize mouse models and functional genomic studies to uncover how altered RAS degradation drives leukemia and identify novel drug targets. This effort will help us identify the clinical impact of alterations in this novel RAS pathway in patients and potential means to improve leukemia treatment.

Discovery and characterization of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironmental (TME) niche in classic Hodgkin lymphoma

Dr. Shipp and her colleague, Scott J. Rodig, MD, Ph.D., are mapping the immune microenvironment in classical Hodgkin lymphoma.

Early diagnosis and treatment of pre-leukemia

In the current study we propose, based on our preliminary results, that we can reliably identify pre-AML cases out of the many individuals with age related clonal hematopoiesis (ARCH) based on clinical parameters thereby limiting the population that needs to undergo molecular testing. We have also developed a predictive model that can identify pre-AML cases years before diagnosis. We now propose to utilize this knowledge to treat high-risk individuals with ARCH, at a time point before they have developed disease, by targeting the driving alterations most associated with AML development.

Targeting leukemia stem cells by disrupting translational fidelity

Dr. Signer is investigating how the process of building defective proteins (inaccurate protein synthesis) plays a role in the development of a type of blood cancer called acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the hopes of developing targeted therapies to treat this condition.

Genetic roadmaps to synthetic lethality in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) carry JAK2(V617F), MPL(W515L) and mutations in calreticulin (CALRmut) often accompanied by mutations in TET2, ASXL1, DNMT3A, EZH2, and other genes. We will develop a strategy based on gene mutation profiling to identify MPNs displaying specific defects in DNA repair. These defects will be then explored by specific DNA repair inhibitors to eliminate quiescent and proliferating MPN stem and progenitor cells without affecting normal cells and tissues.

Investigating the Role of Adenylate Kinase 2 in Multiple Myeloma

The goal of my research is to characterize the role of the cellular metabolic regulator AK2 in multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis and therapy resistance. A series of molecular, biochemical, and functional assays will be performed using laboratory models to define the basis of MM cell dependence on AK2 and elucidate its role in MM progression and drug resistance. This work will highlight novel metabolic vulnerabilities in MM that can be targeted to further enhance therapeutic outcomes.

Advancing New Therapeutic Strategies for Pediatric Acute Leukemias

Dr. Kimberly Stegmaier is performing pre-clinical research to identify promising therapeutic strategies for pediatric leukemia. Pediatric blood cancers comprise about 40% of all pediatric cancers. The most common pediatric blood cancer is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which is curable in most patients through the use of chemotherapy. Though beneficial in the short term, destroying the cancer through chemotherapy often leads to long term health problems. For those that do not respond to chemotherapy, there are fewer therapeutic options. Another pediatric blood cancer is acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is a more aggressive and lethal disease. Therefore, many pediatric acute leukemia patients require better therapeutic options, and a precision medicine approach targeting specific mutations will likely lead to a better clinical benefit.

Development of natural killer (NK) cell-based therapies to treat MYC-high pediatric lymphoid cancers

Refractory pediatric B- and T- lymphoid cancers exhibit hyperactivation of MYC and its downstream pathways. Experimentally, MYC inactivation sustains tumor regression. However, MYC’s requirement in normal B/T-cells has hampered the development of MYC inhibitors. Recently, we showed that MYC-High B/T-Lymphoid Neoplasms (B/T-MLN) evade Natural Killer (NK) cell surveillance. Hence, we propose to develop targeted off-the-shelf NK therapies as an alternative to MYC inhibition for treating B/T-MLN.

Pharmacological inhibition of the transcription factor PU.1 as a novel treatment for acute myeloid leukemia

Transcription factors are components of a cell which control our genetic information and are known to have altered function in diseases such as Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). I am investigating how we can better understand and use novel transcription factor drugs as therapy for AML. This involves using CLICK-chemistry drug localization studies and creating transcription factor occupancy maps of the genome. Overall, my work will help to understand the inner workings of transcription factors in disease and provide a new therapeutic option for the treatment of AML.

Discovery of Aging-Driven Mechanisms Causing Clonal Hematopoiesis (CH) and its Progression to Hematological Malignancy

My research focuses on why and how risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) increases with aging. Studying naturally aged mouse models in combination with mice engineered to express mutations commonly found in human blood stem cells with aging, we are investigating whether certain inflammatory factors that increase during aging increase the risk of leukemia. My goal is to identify biomarkers to assess risk of AML development in aging individuals and define new therapeutic targets to prevent AML.

Beyond azacitidine: investigating new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of MDS

This proposal aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying response to AZA therapy in MDS, as a basis for developing more effective therapies. A ribonucleotide, AZA’s effects on RNA remain unknown. Here, we will investigate the impact of in vivo AZA therapy on RNA alternative splicing and DNA demethylation in MDS patients. Secondly, we will investigate whether AZA treatment exposes neoepitopes in the dysplastic cells of patients, which could be exploited for cancer immunotherapy in MDS

Understanding sex differences in myeloid and dendritic differentiation and function to target high-risk leukemias including BPDCN

There are widely recognized but unexplained sex differences in cancer incidence and outcomes, including in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), an aggressive leukemia that occurs over 3 times more frequently in men. We aim to identify male-female differences in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the blood cell involved in BPDCN, to better understand this disease. Our goal is to use what we learn to improve the treatment of BPDCN and related blood cancers for both men and women.

T cells with native and chimeric receptors against multiple tumor targets for acute myeloid leukemia

Adoptive T cell therapies for acute myeloid leukemia face numerous hurdles such as limited target antigens, immunosuppressive tumor environment as well as the loss of efficacy due to downregulation of the targeted antigen. The goal of our project is to address some of these challenges with a single T cell product targeting multiple tumor associated antigens that have limited expression on healthy tissues via a novel combination of native T cell receptor and gene engineered CAR targeting.

Prevention of myeloid cancers by understanding their pre-clinical evolution

Here we propose to study blood DNA from 1500 people who have had extensive genetic and aging-related tests over many years as participants of the "Immunoageing" study (http://www.immunoageing.eu/index.html). We propose to study these people for the presence of age-related clonal hematopoiesis (ARCH) to understand what factors are associated with ARCH and its expansion. Our aim is to use these findings to help prevent ARCH from progressing to myeloid cancer in at risk individuals identified by future screening programs, which we and others developing separately.

Preventing follicular lymphoma progression and transformation through precision therapy

Follicular lymphomas (FL) depend on stromal cells for survival and proliferation and evade T-cell immune surveillance. Although indolent, most FLs eventually undergo either progression or transformation to an aggressive lymphoma. Effective treatments to prevent this remain a critical unmet need. This proposal will develop novel, mechanism-based therapeutic regimens for FL that overcome defective immune surveillance, prevent FLs from receiving stromal support and prevent disease progression.

Modeling the Initiation and Progression of Down Syndrome Associated Leukemia using CRISPR/Cas9 at Single Cell Resolution

Children with Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) have an increased risk of childhood leukemia and, in these cases, the initiating genetic alterations already occur during the development of the fetus. In 30% of newborns with Down syndrome, a pre-leukemia disease occurs, which in some cases can progress to acute myeloid leukemia. I am planning to determine why children with Down syndrome have an increased risk of developing leukemia with the goal to identify potential therapeutic targets.

The impact of non-coding somatic mutations on the prognosis and progression of multiple myeloma

Past studies of protein-coding regions have extensively characterized the genome of multiple myeloma (MM), but there has been little information on the prognostic impact of non-coding variants that may affect gene expression and regulation. Using a well-defined set of patient samples at different stages of disease progression we will define non-coding mutational hotspots in MM that contribute to progression and poor prognosis, identifying novel targets for alternative treatment strategies.

Decipher and Target AML Cell Dependency on Epigenetic Mutations

The goal of our program aims to understanding the general roles of DNA methylation machineries in epigenetic regulation and cancerous transformation seen in hematological cancers. Routinely, we take a set of integrated biochemical, genomics, oncology, and medicinal chemistry approaches to tackle the broad and critical questions in this field. Our findings shall not only promote current understanding of how hematological malignancies occur but also help develop novel therapeutic approaches.

Initiation of a novel immunotherapeutic to safely eradicate acute leukemia

We propose to develop a novel personalized immunotherapy to treat patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. We have shown that tumor-specific T cells (TAA-T) can diminish leukemia disease burden after allogeneic stem cell transplant. We now propose to augment the efficacy of the TAA-T products in the autologous setting using IL-15 backpacks to enhance TAA-T function and enhance efficacy without increased toxicity in vivo.

Functional and mechanistic roles of BCAA metabolism in the progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms

The processes that control the progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms to leukemic transformation remain largely unknown. We have developed genetic mouse models that recapitulate leukemia progression in humans. We aim to discover new regulators and pathways controlling the propagation of leukemia stem cells as targetable vulnerabilities. Our study promises to provide critical insights into developing new and generalizable therapies to selectively eliminate leukemia stem cells.

Checkpoint-Based Immunotherapy in Follicular Lymphoma

This project focuses on designing new immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma. It is based on a clincal trial that tests combinations of antibodies, with the goal of making the patients’ own immune systems more effective at attacking their lymphoma. Through analysis of tumor and blood samples from the patients on the trial, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the biology of follicular lymphoma and its vulnerability to immune attack, which will help to design the next generation of trials. The trial and sample collection are currently ongoing.

Testing targeted therapy in LCH

We propose to the hypothesis that patients with LCH who fail initial chemotherapy will respond to a targeted strategy of blocking MAPK signaling through MEK inhibition.  This trial is a Phase 2 study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cobimetinib in patients with refractory LCH.  Exploratory aims will evaluate response of lesions with specific mutations, ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to determine disease burden, and development of somatic mutations in patients who relapse.

Refining Molecular Risk Prediction & Individualized Lymphoma Therapy Using Circulating Tumor DNA

My group studies variation in clinical outcomes of patients with aggressive lymphomas and tries to capture the underlying basis for this variation. We then integrate insights from our studies into molecular prediction tools that inform the probable outcomes of individual patients when treated with therapeutic regimens that are currently available. We hope to build precise risk models that have high predictive value for clinical outcomes of patients with lymphoma. Our goal is to use these models to inform therapeutic trials of novel strategies to improve the outcomes of blood cancer patients.